Predeclared in MISC

Functions

abs(x) → {int|float|complex}

Return the absolute value of x. For an int input, it returns the non-negative integer equivalent. For a float input, it returns the positive floating-point number representing its magnitude. For a complex input, it computes and returns the modulus (the square root of the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary parts) as a float.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x int | float | complex The number whose absolute value is computed.
Returns:
the absolute value of x
Type
int | float | complex

arity(f) → {int}

Returns the number of parameters the given function f expects, excluding the rest parameter.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
f function given function
Returns:
the number of arguments accepted by f
Type
int

breakpoint() → {NoneType}

Evaluates to the None value with no effect on the program. In the stepper and CSE machine visualization, breakpoint() additionally marks a step that the breakpoint navigation can jump to.
Returns:
the None value
Type
NoneType

clear_all_timeout() → {None}

Cancels every set_timeout callback that has been scheduled but has not yet fired.
Returns:
None
Type
None

complex(v, i) → {complex}

Returns a complex number constructed from either zero, one or two arguments. If no arguments are given, returns 0j. If one argument is given, it is converted to a complex numbe r and returned. If two arguments are given, they are interpreted as the real and imaginary parts of a complex number, respective ly.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
v int | float | string | bool | complex If possible, value is converted to a complex number. If omitted, it defaults to 0j. If a second argument i is given, t he first argument cannot be a string
i int | float | bool | complex The imaginary part of the complex number. If omitted, it defaults to 0.
Returns:
a complex number constructed from the given value
Type
complex

error(*object) → {NoneType}

Prints the provided *object arguments to the standard output (similar to a simplified print) and then raises an exception. This function accepts a variable number of arguments, converts them to their string representations using str(), outputs them (with a newline) just like what print does, and immediately halts execution by raising an exception.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
*object any Objects to be printed to the standard output
Returns:
the None value
Type
NoneType

imag(x) → {float}

Return the imaginary part of a complex number x.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x complex a complex number
Returns:
the imaginary part of x
Type
float

input(prompt) → {string}

If the prompt argument is present, it is written to standard output without a trailing newline. The function then reads a line from input, converts it to a string (stripping a trailing newline), and returns that.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
prompt string An optional string that is written to standard output (without a trailing newline) before input is read.
Returns:
the input read from the user as a string, with any trailing newline removed
Type
string

is_boolean(x) → {bool}

Returns True if x is a boolean value (True or False), and False otherwise.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x any given value
Returns:
whether x is a boolean value
Type
bool

is_complex(x) → {bool}

Returns True if x is a complex number, and False otherwise.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x any given value
Returns:
whether x is a complex number
Type
bool

is_float(x) → {bool}

Returns True if x is a floating-point number, and False otherwise.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x any given value
Returns:
whether x is a floating-point number
Type
bool

is_function(x) → {bool}

Returns True if x is a function, and False otherwise.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x any given value
Returns:
whether x is a function
Type
bool

is_integer(x) → {bool}

Returns True if x is an integer, and False otherwise.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x any given value
Returns:
whether x is an integer
Type
bool

is_none(x) → {bool}

Returns True if x is the None value, and False otherwise.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x any given value
Returns:
whether x is the None value
Type
bool

is_number(x) → {bool}

Returns True if x is a number, and False otherwise. A number is an integer, a floating-point number or a complex number; a boolean is not a number.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x any given value
Returns:
whether x is a number
Type
bool

is_string(x) → {bool}

Returns True if x is a string, and False otherwise.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x any given value
Returns:
whether x is a string
Type
bool

len(s) → {int}

Return the length of s, where s is a list or a string.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
s string | list a list or a string whose length is to be computed
Returns:
the length of s
Type
int

max(arg1, arg2, *args) → {int|float|string}

Returns the largest of the provided values. If multiple items are equal to the maximum, the first encountered is returned. All values should be mutually comparable.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
arg1 int | float | string The first item to compare.
arg2 int | float | string The second item to compare.
*args int | float | string Additional items to compare.
Returns:
the largest of the provided values
Type
int | float | string

min(arg1, arg2, *args) → {int|float|string}

Returns the smallest of the provided values. If multiple items are equal to the minimum, the first encountered is returned. Arguments must be all comparable numbers (int or float) or all strings.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
arg1 int | float | string The first item to compare.
arg2 int | float | string The second item to compare.
*args int | float | string Additional items to compare.
Returns:
the smallest of the provided values
Type
int | float | string

print(*object) → {NoneType}

A simplified version of the Python built-in print function. This function takes any number of parameters *object, converts them to their string representations using str(), and writes them to the standard output (sys.stdout), followed by a newline character. See the official Python documentation for print.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
*object any object(s) to be printed to the standard output
Returns:
the None value
Type
NoneType

random_random() → {float}

Return the next random floating-point number in the range 0.0 ≤ X < 1.0.
Returns:
the next random floating-point number in the range 0.0 ≤ X < 1.0
Type
float

real(x) → {float}

Return the real part of a complex number x.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
x complex a complex number
Returns:
the real part of x
Type
float

repr(object) → {string}

Return a string representation of object that is unambiguous and suitable for debugging. For many values, this string can be used to reconstruct object
Parameters:
Name Type Description
object any The object to be converted to a string.
Returns:
the unambiguous string representation of object
Type
string

round(number, ndigits) → {float}

Return number rounded to ndigits precision after the decimal point. If ndigits is omitted or is None, it returns the nearest integer to its input.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
number int | float The value to be rounded.
ndigits int The number of digits to round to after the decimal point. If omitted or None, the function rounds to the nearest integer.
Returns:
the number rounded to ndigits precision
Type
float

set_timeout(f, t) → {None}

Schedules f to be called with no arguments after t milliseconds have elapsed, without blocking the calling code. f is invoked once, the next time the scheduled delay elapses.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
f function the function to call once t milliseconds have elapsed
t int | float the delay, in milliseconds, before f is called
Returns:
None
Type
None

str(object) → {string}

Return a string version of object. If object is not provided, returns the empty string.
Parameters:
Name Type Description
object any The object to be converted to a string. If not provided, an empty string is returned.
Returns:
the informal string representation of object
Type
string

time_time() → {float}

Return the number of milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC.
Returns:
current time in milliseconds
Type
float